Showing posts with label Study Topics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Study Topics. Show all posts

Monday, May 21, 2012

Aura


In parapsychology and many forms of spiritual practice, an aura is a field of subtle, luminous radiation surrounding a person or object (like the halo or aureola in religious art). The depiction of such an aura often connotes a person of particular power or holiness. Sometimes, however, it is said that all living things (including humans) and all objects manifest such an aura. Often it is held to be perceptible, whether spontaneously or with practice: such perception is at times linked with the third eye of Indian spirituality.[1][2] Various writers associate various personality traits with the colors of different layers of the aura.[3][4][5] It has also been described as a map of the thoughts and feelings surrounding a person.[6] In the ever growing case of 'mortal vampyres', the psi-vampyres claim to get energy from someone else's aura.

Skeptics such as Robert Todd Carroll contend that auras may be seen for reasons such as migraines, synesthesia,[7] epilepsy, a disorder within the visual system, a disorder within the brain, or due to the influence of psychedelic drugs such as LSD.[8][9] Eye fatigue can also produce an aura, sometimes referred to as eye burn.

Spiritual traditions

In Iran the aura is known as farr or "glory": it is depicted in association with Zoroastrian kings.[10]

Ideas of the aura are well represented in Indian religions. The Buddhist flag represents the colours seen around the enlightened Buddha.[11] In Jainism the concept of Lesya relates colours to mental and emotional dispositions. To the Indian teacher Meher Baba the aura is of seven colours, associated with the subtle body and its store of mental and emotional impressions. Spiritual practice gradually transforms this aura into a spiritual halo.[12] Hindu and Buddhist sources often link these colours to kundalini energy and the chakras.[13]

In the classical western mysticism of neoplatonism and Kabbalah the aura is associated with the lustre of the astral body, a subtle body identified with the planetary heavens, which were in turn associated with various mental faculties in an elaborate system of correspondences with colours, shapes, sounds, perfumes etc.[14]

The symbolism of light found in the Bible is at times associated with the idea of the aura or "body of light":[15] similar interpretations are found in Islamic traditions

plete description of the aura and its colours was provided by Charles Leadbeater, a theosophist of the 19th century.[17] The works of Leadbeater were later developed by Palamidessi[18] and others.

The British occultist W.E. Butler connected auras with clairvoyance and etheric, mental and emotional emanations. He classified the aura into two main types: etheric and spiritual. Auras are thought to serve as a visual measure of the state of the health of the physical body.[19] Robert Bruce classifies auras into three types: etheric, main, and spiritual.[20] According to Bruce auras are not actual light but a translation of other unknown sensory readings that is added to our visual processing. They are not seen in complete darkness and cannot be seen unless some portion of the person or object emitting the aura can also be seen.[21]
Glenn Morris, grandmaster of the Hoshin Roshi Ryu lineage, included perception of the aura in his training of advanced martial artists. His experience was that it consisted of multiple layers. He described the most easily visible of these as being "light and denser than the air in which the body is immersed", typically half to quarter of an inch thick and correlating with the etheric body of an individual. Around this he described a yard thick egg-shaped layer reflecting hormonal state that he linked to the emotional body, and outside this, other barely perceptible layers corresponding to the mental body and beyond.[22] Recalling the aura of another sōke, he wrote, "The first time I saw Hatsumi, he was running continuous bright, lime, neon green a foot wide and was so easy to see he would flash in bright sunlight".[23]

For holistic healers, aura reading is the art of investigating the human energy field, or the energy fields of other sentient beings. It is a basis for using techniques of holistic healing, and includes such practices as bioenergetics, energy medicine, energy spirituality, and energy psychology.

Tests

Recognition of auras has occasionally been tested on television. One test involved an aura reader standing on one side of a room with an opaque partition separating her from a number of slots which might contain either actual people or mannequins. The aura reader failed to identify the slots containing people, incorrectly stating that all contained people.[24]

In another televised test[25] another aura reader was placed before a partition where five people were standing. He claimed that he could see their auras from behind the partition. As each person moved out, the reader was asked to identify where that person was standing behind the slot. He identified only 2 out of 5 correctly. 

Anomalous operation

Anomalous operation, also known as anomalous perturbation, is a term used to describe any paranormal phenomena in which it is said that an individual (A) uses Psi (parapsychology) to influence a physical event, or (B) to effect a physical change, in object. There is no scientifically accepted evidence that any such powers exist or that any 'anomalous operations' have been observed in reality.

Overview

Alternatively, anomalous perturbation is defined as an interaction with matter without the use of all known physical mechanisms.[1] It can be used to describe a broad variety of phenomena, including Psychokinesis,[2] Faith healing and reality shifts. There is no scientifically accepted evidence that such 'interactions' have been observed in reality.

An example of Anomalous operation would be the use of Psi to manipulate a random number generator into giving out pre-selected results, or causing a compass needle to change its heading. Spoon bending through Psi would also be a form of anomalous operation.

Anomalous perturbations are divided into two categories based on the magnitude of its effects, Macro-AP and Micro-AP. Macro-AP are phenomenon that do not require complex statistical analysis to remove weak effects from the collected data. Phenomena under this category includes telekinesis, poltergeist, teleportation and materialization. Micro-AP on the other hand covers data that show minute differences that require statistical analysis to rule out expected data that was only randomly generated. This category covers random sources such as noisy diodes and radioactive decay.

Further Reading


^ Tart, Charles T. (1997). Body Mind Spirit: Exploring the Parapsychology of Spirituality. Hampton Roads Pub. Co.. pp. 221. ISBN 1-57174-073-2.
^ Bielski, Ursula (1998). Chicago Haunts: Ghostlore of the Windy City. Lake Claremont Press. pp. 1780964242672.
^ May, Edwin C.; Jessica M. Utts, S. James P. Spottiswoode (1995). "Decision augmentation theory: toward a model of anomalous mental phenomena". The Journal of Parapsychology 59. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
Thalbourne, Michael A. (2003) "A Glossary of Terms Used in Parapsychology", Puente Publications, ISBN 0-9634501-1-5
Royal, George (2005) "Psychic Abilities and Parapsychology", Ezine
"Parapsychology". Mandrake Press Ltd.. Retrieved 2008-01-05. 

Sunday, May 20, 2012

Altered state of consciousness


An altered state of consciousness (ASC),[1] also named altered state of mind, is any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking beta wave state. The expression was used as early as 1966 by Arnold M. Ludwig[2] and brought into common usage from 1969 by Charles Tart:[3][4] it describes induced changes in one's mental state, almost always temporary. A synonymous phrase is "altered state of awareness".

Altered states of consciousness can be associated with artistic creativity.[5] They also can be shared interpersonally and studied as a subject of sociological research.[6]

Causes

Accidental/pathological

An altered state of consciousness can come about accidentally through, for example, fever, infections such as meningitis,[7] sleep deprivation, fasting, oxygen deprivation, nitrogen narcosis (deep diving), psychosis,[8] temporal lobe epilepsy or a traumatic accident. Altered states of consciousness also occur in healthy women experiencing childbirth,[9] hence the introduction of the term gender-specific states of consciousness.[10]

Intentional/recreational/religious



An ASC can sometimes be reached intentionally by the use of sensory deprivation, an isolation tank, sleep deprivation, lucid dreaming, hypnosis, meditation, prayer, or disciplines (e.g. Mantra Meditation, Yoga, Sufism, dream yoga, or Surat Shabda Yoga).

ASCs can also be attained through the ingestion of psychoactive drugs such as alcohol and opiates, but more commonly with traditional hallucinogens of indigenous cultures, plants such as cannabis, psilocybin mushrooms, Peyote, and Ayahuasca. Other modern hallucinogens that some attempt to use for a similar purpose are (D)-methorphan, LSD-25, substituted phenethylamines, substituted tryptamines, and substituted amphetamines such as those listed in the books PiHKAL and TiHKAL by Dr. Alexander Shulgin, a former analytical organic chemist. These drugs are often noted as "designer drugs" by authorities and professionals or as "research chemicals" by the hallucinogen-use and distribution underground, as an attempt to avoid prosecution under the Federal Analogue Act. The cultural reality of specific state of consciousness resonant with biblical phenomena is the subject of recent academic interest.[11]

A potentially effective[according to whom?] way to induce an altered state of consciousness is using a variety of neurotechnology such as psychoacoustics, binaural beats, light and sound stimulation, cranial electrotherapy stimulation, etc.; these methods attempt to induce specific brainwave patterns, and a particular altered state of consciousness



States of consciousness

Autoscopy
Anxiety
Battle trance
Coma
Convulsion
Daydream
Delirium
Depersonalization
Derealization
Ego death
Ecstasy
Euphoria Extra sensory perception
Fear
Flow
Higher consciousness
Hypnagogia
Hypnopompia
Hypnosis
Hysteria
Major depressive disorder
Mania
Meditation
Music Therapy
Out of Body Experience Panic
Peak experience
Presyncope
Psychosis
Religious experience
Sexual pleasure
Sleep
Sleep deprivation
Sleep paralysis
Syncope
Wakefulness

Typology

During an altered state of consciousness, brain waves occupy different categories of frequencies (i.e. Epsilon, Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma). These waves can be measured using an Electroencephalograph (EEG). Below is a list of wave types, along with their corresponding frequencies and states of consciousness:
Epsilon: 0.00–0.05 Hz
Epsilon wave patterns have not been heavily studied, however they may be connected to intense meditative states.
Delta: 0.05–4 Hz
Delta brainwave patterns characterize slow wave sleep.
Theta: 4–8 Hz Normal deep sleep state.
Theta waves are produced between dreams, and represent an "interlude" between dreams. The waves tend to last 15-30 minutes between REM states.
Alpha: 8–12 Hz Typical dream state.
Alpha waves can be seen in persons watching movies or television narratives in which they are fully engrossed, mostly unaware of their surroundings.
Beta: 12–30 Hz
Beta waves correspond to normal conscious brain activity, ranging from calm and relaxed consciousness, to fight-or-flight panic.
Gamma: 30–100+ Hz
As the ability to measure brainwave frequency has significantly improved with advances in digital technology, it has become possible and practical to measure brainwave frequencies beyond 30 Hz. As more is learned about these brainwaves, a change in classifications may occur. The beta-wave level of consciousness seems to extend well beyond 30 Hz, but frequencies of 90 Hz or more (gamma waves), are shown to be associated with coordination of signals across longer distances within the brain, facilitating the completion of complex actions or associations which require the simultaneous use of multiple brain regions.

Further reading

Hoffman, Kay (1998). The Trance Workbook: Understanding & using the power of altered states. Translated by Elfie Homann, Clive Williams, and Dr Christliebe El Mogharbel. Translation edited by Laurel Ornitz. ISBN 0-8069-1765-2
James, William The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902) ISBN 0-14-039034-0
Roberts, T.B. (Ed.) (2001). Psychoactive Sacramentals: Essays on Entheogens and Religion. San Francisco: Council on Spiritual Practices.
Roberts, T.B. and P.J. Hruby. (1995–2002). Religion and Psychoactive Sacraments An Entheogen Chrestomathy. Online archive. [2]
Roberts, T.B. “Chemical Input—Religious Output: Entheogens.” Chapter 10 of Where God and Science Meet: Vol. 3: The Psychology of Religious Experience. Edited by Robert McNamara. Westport, CT: Praeger/Greenwood, 2006.
Weinel, Jonathan. “Bass Drum, Saxophone & Laptop: Real-time psychedelic performance software.” eContact! 12.4 — Perspectives on the Electroacoustic Work / Perspectives sur l’œuvre électroacoustique (August 2010). Montréal: CEC.
Wier, Dennis R. Trance: From Magic to Technology. Transmedia, 1995. ISBN 1-888428-38-4 

Abacomancy

Abacomancy, also known as Amathomancy (from the Greek word "amathos" meaning sand) a form of divination based on the interpretation of the patterns in dust, dirt, silt, sand, or the ashes of the recently deceased. Reading the patterns is believed to give some insight into the future. Readers drop the dirt, sand, or ashes on a flat surface and start looking for a pattern that may represent symbols or pictures. They interpret these symbols and pictures to what is going to happen in the future. Some look for certain symbols that are seen over and over.